Maximizing the use of aquifer thermal energy storage systems in urban areas: effects on individual system primary energy use and overall GHG emissions

• The primary energy use of ATES systems evaluated for high and low aquifer utilisation levels. High levels reduce individual systems, as more wells can be placed. highest utilization level considered is 115% resulted in 82% adoption. For <80%, buildings not affected by subsurface interactions. >80%, interactions affect gas +15% electricity +/-15%. Low temperature (<25 °C) Aquifer Thermal Energy Storage (ATES) have a world-wide potential to provide low-carbon space heating cooling using heat pumps combined with the seasonal storage recovery heated cooled groundwater. increasingly utilize space, decreasing overall an urban area. However, interaction may negatively performance existing systems. In this study, it investigated how levels, obtained varying well placement policies, between turn affects use. To end, building climate installation model developed integrated MODFLOW-MT3DMS thermal groundwater model. spatial distribution requirements 26 unique present city centre Utrecht, varied agent-based modelling approach applying dense spacious restrictions. Within these simulations adoption order location randomized. Well density 9 scenarios changing distance same opposite type. results study show that applied policies lead 30% increase hence GHG emission reduction improved maximum 60% compared conventional cooling. at two mechanisms. Firstly, denser placement, are able place wells, which increases capacity their system, thereby Secondly, thus increases. At up 80%, does change significantly due interaction. > both negative positive observed. Negative type leads or 15% placement. On other side, experience decrease Local conditions like location, plot size, heating/cooling demand determine specific effect per building. optimal policy result from discussed above. Maximum while maintaining system performance, achieved distances 0.5–1 times yearly average radius (cold-cold warm-warm). Opposite types (cold-warm) should placed apart ?2 prevent